phys.org/news/2026-10-material-substitution-potential-environmental-impact.html Material substitution can increase the potential environmental impact of packaging systems
A life cycle study of 47 packaging systems found that swapping polyethylene for paper, glass, aluminum or steel often fails to lower environmental impacts, and can raise greenhouse gas emissions threefold to fourfold. Results depend on material quantity, transport packaging, recycling, reuse and product protection. The authors note PE is not preferable in every application.
— via Phys.org