medievalists.net/2026/10/powerful-medieval-kingdoms How Powerful Were Medieval Kingdoms? A Venetian Assessment from the Fifteenth Century
A fifteenth-century Venetian memorandum estimated how many horsemen and how much revenue dozens of European, North African and Asian states commanded. Its figures are often unreliable or exaggerated, and its dating is uncertain, but it shows how Venice judged rival powers, with Hungary rated highest among Christian kingdoms.
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