medievalists.net/2026/10/was-beowulf-the-villain-new-study-re-examines-the-old-english-epic Was Beowulf the Villain? New Study Re-examines the Old English Epic
A single Old English word in Beowulf's fight with Grendel, inwitþancum, literally says the hero seized his foe "with malicious intentions," and translators from Tolkien to Heaney have softened it into anger or presence of mind. A new study argues the poet may have meant it, briefly adopting the monsters' point of view.
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