arxiv.org/abs/2409.02292 Leaking Secrets from Air-Gap Computers by Spelling Radio Signals from RAM (2024)
Researchers describe malware that encodes data into radio emissions generated by a computer's memory buses, letting an attacker with software-defined radio hardware and an ordinary antenna intercept information from an air-gapped machine. The paper reports a 1,000-bit-per-second leakage method and proposes countermeasures.